【B E A R】↑雄↓ 10 發表於 September 21, 2006 檢舉 Share 發表於 September 21, 2006 各位~請問一下~各位怎麼讀英文雜誌是看過去而已~還是做筆記~要背不會的單字嗎??? 鏈接文章 分享到其他網站
小冠 10 發表於 September 21, 2006 檢舉 Share 發表於 September 21, 2006 每一個單字和例句都要讀到自己確定會用+熟悉為止哦最好還要看看課文裡面單字前後的介系詞是什麼。 鏈接文章 分享到其他網站
… 10 發表於 September 21, 2006 檢舉 Share 發表於 September 21, 2006 先很快的唸過去再慢慢看遇到沒看過的單字就用鉛筆用力圈起來,繼續往下看再猜它的大概意思等看完文章再去查字典遇到有印象的字但忘記是什麼意思也做個小記號看完文章再查查的時候要記得看用法,片語,三態之類的哦,記下來查完之後在空白的地方邊唸邊寫那些單字每天看一篇新的,翻回去看舊的一篇的單字這樣就ok了:) 鏈接文章 分享到其他網站
Red Babe Nina 10 發表於 September 21, 2006 檢舉 Share 發表於 September 21, 2006 我是覺得生字不會的其實不用太在意耶可以從前後文猜因為我覺得閱讀一直查字典是很痛苦的事:(我比較會注重的是句型可以記一些寫文章會有不少幫助:)而且絕對不要給自己太大的壓力好像在背課本什麼的放輕鬆一點去欣賞其實會發現沒那麼討厭也沒那麼難加油:) 鏈接文章 分享到其他網站
turquoiseem 10 發表於 September 21, 2006 檢舉 Share 發表於 September 21, 2006 其實放鬆去看不知不覺就記起來了~而且都不會忘真的是很驚人之前應付考試硬記的一堆字到現在沒半個 鏈接文章 分享到其他網站
我是AB熊 10 發表於 October 22, 2006 檢舉 Share 發表於 October 22, 2006 EXECUTIVE SUMMARYHollandia Produce Inc. is a company that specializes in hydroponically grown produce. Due to current competitors in the market, Hollandia is searching for a revolutionary package for Live Gourmet Butter Lettuce. In designing this package certain criteria must be met, regulations must be followed, target share of market must be estimated, advertising must be addressed, and equipment costs, efficiencies, and speeds need to be determined. Currently, Hollandia is using a transparent, PET clamshell package. Since Hollandia is working towards an “organic grower” certification, the material of the new package must either be 100% recyclable or come from a renewable source. The package must also stand out among other packaged produce, attract attention, and remain transparent. Following this criteria a bucket shaped, PLA package was designed.Since this product is produce, many regulations must be followed in order to prevent any contamination or miscommunication to consumers. Regulations for employees, the growing environment, food labeling, packaging, and shipping must be followed. These regulations are pertinent in the production and quality of the lettuce. It is important to determine the marketing aspects for this product. The target market and its corresponding size were found through the use of a marketing research survey and the US Census website. This survey determined the target market to be health conscious women who buy lettuce often, and live in households whose annual income is $60,000 or greater. The market size was determined to be roughly 10,057,984 households.After determining the target share of market, several promotional strategies were devised to help launch Hollandia’s Butter Lettuce. Press releases, magazine advertisements, point of purchase taste tests and ad inserts in newspapers were all formulated to generate interest in the product and aid in increasing brand recognition and recall. The advertising budget will account for 100% of the first year’s sales, 50% of the second year sales, 20% of third year sales and 10% for subsequent years. During the development process, equipment costs, efficiencies, and speeds need to be determined. The production line will consist of manual labor, newly purchased machinery and current production equipment. Each piece of equipment will be able to run at 60 packages per minute with a total line efficiency of 85.11%. The cost of new machinery will be $98,960 and total labor cost will be $105 per hour. The total labor cost to package and palletize one head of lettuce is about $0.029. Hollandia’s desire for a new revolutionary, attention-grabbing package has been fulfilled. With a bucket-shaped PLA container, consumers will be unable to resist picking it up and looking at it. Sales look promising, as the projected net value after 5 years is estimated to be $95,769,204.66. However, issues such as production capabilities will limit the success of this project.TABLE OF CONTENTSIntroduction…………………………………………………………………………Page 1Alternative Solutions………………………………………………………………..Page 2Selection Criteria/Materials Composition…………………………………………...Page 3Description of Selected Package: How it Works……………………………………Page 5Product Protection Requirements……………………………………………………Page 5Applicable Regulations……………………………………………...…………..…..Page 6Environmental Considerations………………………………………………..……..Page 9Size. Type, and Target Share of Market……………………………………..……...Page 9Promotion, Advertising, Printing, Surface Design…………………………………Page 13Specifications………………………………………………………………………Page 15Packaging Equipment/Line Layout……………………………………………...…Page 20Equipment Costs/Efficiencies/Speeds…………………………………………...…Page 24Quality Control Program…………………………………………………………...Page 25 Logistics Considerations………………………………………………………...…Page 26Financial Worksheets………………………………………………………………Page 28Conclusions………………………………………………………………………...Page 34Recommendations……………………………………………….…………………Page 34References……………………………………………………………………….…Page 36Appendix………………………………………………………………………...…Page 38INTRODUCTIONPackaging is essential to the success of many products. Purchases are often made with an emphasis upon packaging design. Many companies seek out or develop innovative designs so their packaging stands out among competitors. Hollandia Produce, Inc is one such company. Hollandia specializes in hydroponically produced, greenhouse grown vegetables. These vegetables include Live Gourmet brand Butter Lettuce, Lollo Rossa Lettuce, Cluster Tomatoes, Red Butter Lettuce, and Watercress. The Butter Lettuce, Lollo Rossa Lettuce, Red Butter Lettuce, and Watercress are harvested with roots intact. These ‘living’ produce goods have “exceptionally long lasting freshness” and “retain flavor and color much longer than comparable varieties in the produce department” (Hollandia).Currently, Hollandia is marketing Live Gourmet butter lettuce in a transparent PET (polyethylene terepthalate) clamshell package. However, competitors are copying the package. Therefore, Hollandia Produce, Inc. is searching for a revolutionary package for this product that must meet certain criteria. Since the company is working towards an “Organic Grower” certification, the packaging material should come from a renewable source and/or be 100 percent recyclable. Also, the new package design must attract attention, be clear and consumer friendly, and allow for a two to three week shelf life after purchase. This shelf life should be able to extend to a fourth week if refrigerated.In addition to the new package design, certain other business and manufacturing aspects must be investigated. These include marketing research, any applicable regulations, specifications of the various materials involved, packaging line and equipment, logistical considerations, quality control programs, and financial analysis, each of which are discussed in the following sections.ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONSIn order to satisfy Hollandia’s desire for a new revolutionary package, several possible packaging designs have been created. These designs are illustrated in the table below and described in the following paragraph. Option 1 Option 2 Option 3 Option 4 Option 5Option 6 Option 7 Option 8 Option 9 Option 10Table1: Designs of Possible Packaging SolutionsThe first option is a paperboard carton with a poly(lactide) (PLA) window, while the second is a two-piece octagonal PLA container that snaps together. Option three is a rigid PLA pouch that can be hung or stacked on its side. The fourth design is an oddly 鏈接文章 分享到其他網站
我是AB熊 10 發表於 October 22, 2006 檢舉 Share 發表於 October 22, 2006 shaped one-piece PLA container that connects to close. The fifth option is another oddly shaped one-piece PLA container, similar to the previous design, with an easy open tab. Option six is a two-piece domed PLA container that snaps together. It also has an insert that guides excess water to the center location of the bottom of the container. The seventh option, which has the same insert as option six, is a one-piece hinged PLA container that connects to close. The eighth design is another domed PLA container. However, this two-piece design twists to open and close. Also, it does not utilize any inserts. The ninth option is a PLA bucket with a snap on lid. The last design, option ten, is a one-piece hexagonal PLA container. This package has a tuck closure and an easy open tab. The options described are possible solutions to Hollandia’s search for a revolutionary package.SELECTION CRITERIA/MATERIALS COMPOSITIONIn the above section, several design options for Hollandia’s butter lettuce were introduced. There are benefits and detriments to each design, and some are more feasible than others. In order to choose the best solution, evaluation criteria must be determined. This criteria included the clearness of the container, how innovative and consumer friendly it is, and the cost of the packaging material. Whether or not the material is recyclable or from a renewable source was also considered. Other decisive factors include how well the package contains and protects the product, as well as the packaging line and delivery costs the package will incur. The criteria were weighted, scored for each design, and placed into the decision table shown below (Table 2).Importance Weight 10 8 9 5 10 10 10 8 5 5 T O T A L Clear Consumer Friendly Innovative/ Revolutionary Design Material Cost Recyclable From Renewable Source Contain Protection Packaging Line Costs Supplier Delivery Cost Option 1 2 5 5 8 8 10 5 5 8 10 505Option 2 10 6 6 5 0 10 8 8 7 8 546Option 3 10 5 8 5 0 10 10 10 5 8 582Option 4 10 5 8 5 0 10 10 10 6 3 562Option 5 10 6 9 5 0 10 10 10 6 3 579Option 6 10 7 6 4 0 10 8 8 6 7 539Option 7 10 8 7 4 0 10 10 10 7 7 597Option 8 10 6 6 5 0 10 10 10 6 9 582Option 9 10 9 8 5 0 10 10 10 7 8 624Option 10 10 7 7 5 0 10 8 8 6 7 553**Higher Number = Better Importance ValuesTable 2: Decision TableA higher number in the ‘Importance Weight’ section denotes a higher importance value for the corresponding category. The ‘Clear’ category was given a weight of ten because Hollandia absolutely insists upon a transparent package. Since Hollandia Produce, Inc. is looking to become an “Organic Grower”, and because they also insisted the package be either ‘Recyclable’ or ‘From a Renewable Source’, both were weighted at ten. One other category, ‘Contain’, was given a weight of ten. It received this weight because it is absolutely essential for the product to remain in the package until physically opened. The ‘Innovative/Revolutionary Design’ category received an importance weight of nine, since it is one of the major goals of this endeavor. ‘Consumer Friendly’ and ‘Protection’ were weighted at eight. They are an important factor affecting the success of a package/product combination, but not absolutely essential in this case. For instance, the butter lettuce needs adequate protection from compressive forces, rodents, and insects, but does not require any impermeable seals or materials. The remaining categories, ‘Material Cost’, ‘Packaging Line Costs’, and ‘Supplier Delivery Cost’, were given an importance weight of five. These will obviously affect the overall costs of a new design, and will therefore affect the final decision of implementing that design. In this case, however, cost is not a major deciding factor, which is why the categories are considered, but at a lesser degree than the other categories previously mentioned.DESCRIPTION OF SELECTED PACKAGE: HOW IT WORKSThe Live Gourmet Butter Lettuce package is designed not only to protect the lettuce, but also to sustain and present it. The 7.5-inch opening of the bucket allows for an easy access to the product. The transparent PLA bucket will be molded with a root holding system at the bottom. This indentation will collect any condensation that may form and help to water the roots, promoting further life during shipping. The lid will “snap” onto the bucket, creating a closure to keep out unwanted particles. This lid also incorporates a perforated pull back tab, similar to a coffee cup lid, to allow for the release of excess water upon purchase and refrigeration. PRODUCT PROTECTION REQUIREMENTSMany conditions must be considered in the packaging of Hollandia’s Butter Lettuce. The product must be protected and kept in the optimal environment. The rigid PLA bucket will guard the fragile heads of lettuce from compression and prevent damage from movement during transport. Defending the product from rotting is a large issue for produce, and therefore shipping of produce is usually done in a refrigerated state with controlled humidity and temperatures. “Internal head temperature should be lowered to 34 to 380F for best shipping and holding conditions”(Sanders). These conditions help to improve the shelf-life of produce. Various opportunities for contamination or damage can be found in the distribution system of produce. Groups such as the EPA, FDA, and USDA go to great measures to protect not only produce, but all food. Their protection efforts can be found in the regulations set by these governmental agencies. These policies include, but are not limited to, growing environments, packaging conditions, employee cleanliness, and truck cleanliness. APPLICABLE REGULATIONSFood safety is a big concern in the packaging industry. Understanding regulations for the multiple steps of packaging and logistics is essential for a successful product. One of the main concerns is reducing the chance of product contamination. Based on 21 CFR 110.3, the definition of Microorganisms are, “… yeasts, molds, bacteria, and viruses and includes, but is not limited to, species having public health significance.” “The term ‘undesirable microorganisms’ includes those microorganisms that are of public health significance, that subject food to decomposition, that indicate that food is contaminated with filth, or that otherwise may cause food to be adulterated within the meaning of the act” (21 CFR 110.3). In order to improve food safety, improving quality control standards and food safety regulations need to be addressed.Regulations for EmployeesSince employees are usually the first and last people in direct contact with food before shipping, it is very important to ensure that every employee follows regulations. First, the disease control needs to be followed. This can be maintained by all employees watching their own health. Documents require “Any person who, by medical examination or supervisory observation, is shown to have, or appears to have, an illness, open lesion, including boils, sores, or infected wounds, or any other abnormal source of microbial contamination by which there is a reasonable possibility of food, food-contact surfaces, or food-packaging materials becoming contaminated, shall be excluded from any operations which may be expected to result in such contamination until the condition is corrected. Personnel shall be instructed to report such health conditions to their supervisors” (21 CFR 110.10). Basic principles such as maintaining personal cleanliness and washing hands before returning to a workstation will help maintaining high standards. Wearing gloves, removing jewelry, and wearing hairnets can help prevent any microbial contact. Employees should be up to date on changing standards and are highly encouraged to practice food safety. (21 CFR 110.10)Regulation for Growing EnvironmentHollandia’s Live Gourmet Butter Lettuce is meeting standards with their controlled growing environment. In order to ensure that consumers receive the best product, regular examination of the water is necessary, as water is the most important element in hydrological growing. Therefore, PH levels and chemical content should be tested often, which can be done by on-site quality control employees or the local water authority. According to the FDA Guide for Industry, every industry should have detailed information about agricultural water sources and testing results from the local water authority and “water quality, especially surface water quality, can vary with time” (Guide). Therefore, appropriate microbiological testing on water quality must be performed to maintain a strict quality control program. 鏈接文章 分享到其他網站
我是AB熊 10 發表於 October 22, 2006 檢舉 Share 發表於 October 22, 2006 Regulation for Food LabelingThe food label should contain as much detail as possible. According to the FTC Fair Packaging and Labeling Act, “the commodity shall bear a label specifying the identity of the commodity and the name and place of business of the manufacturer, packer or distributor” and “the net quantity of contents.” Labels should also contain nutrition facts, and ingredients. More detailed information can be found in 15 USC §§ 1451-1461.Regulation for PackagingIn order to maintain high quality standards, equipment such as cooling systems, heating units, and sanitizer stations are required. These pieces of equipment will ensure that standards are met. All equipment should be sanitized before and after use. Regular maintenance and testing can extend machine life and lower the chance of equipment breakdown during a shift. Regulation for ShippingDuring transport, the shipping company needs to ensure that the shipping conditions will not damage the product. Added precautions such as corrugated board, and loose fill could increase protection of the product. Temperature moisture systems need to be added to the shipping environment to maintain proper food quality. According to Lettuce Production, lettuce should be stored “at 340F ~ 380F and 95% relative humidity” (Lettuce Production). This recommendation will sustain the lettuce for the longest time during the shipping. ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONSOne requirement for the packaging of Hollandia’s Butter Lettuce is the use of a recyclable or renewable source. Polylactic Acid, or PLA, is a renewable source, which means that it is derived from inexhaustible or replaceable resources. PLA is a thermoplastic manufactured from starches found in corn. The dextrose-based material is therefore biodegradable, or capable of being decomposed by biological agents. The biodegradability of the material limits pollution even without recycling. Depending on the composition of the molecule, PLA has degradation times ranging from only a few weeks up to a couple years. One test yielded complete biodegradation of PLA in only two months. The conditions used were 80% relative humidity (RH) at a temperature of 140°F. More realistic conditions of 77°F and 20-80% RH resulted in complete biodegradation in 3.1-4.8 years respectively. PLA is an environmentally safe material, and should be used for Hollandia’s package.SIZE. TYPE, AND TARGET SHARE OF MARKETTo maximize the brand and market growth, aggressive marketing and advertising will be utilized to a defined market. Surveys were conducted in and around East Lansing, Michigan to determine the potential market share. This location was chosen for its convenience and to determine nation wide sale expectations. The following results were concluded from the surveys. (Complete survey results can be found in Appendix 4.)Target Market AnalysisIncome Brackets Total Surveyed Survey Percentage Yes Decision Yes Percent in Bracket 19,999 12 26.67% 5 41.67%20,000-39,999 7 15.56% 3 42.86%40,000-59,999 8 17.78% 4 50.00%60,000-79,999 7 15.56% 4 57.14%80,000-99,999 6 13.33% 4 66.67%100,000+ 5 11.11% 3 60.00%Totals 45 23 Table 3.1: Survey Results by Income Bracket Total % of Total Surveyed Yes Decision % YesHousehold Incomes of 60,000+ 18 40.00% 11 61.11%Table 3.2: Household Incomes of $60,000 or greater with answer “Yes” Total PercentMen in Income Bracket (yes only) 2 18.18%Women in Income Bracket (yes only) 9 81.82%Total Yes Decision in Income Bracket 11 Table 3.3: Men and Women with “Yes” Answers in Desired Income BracketRating Health Consciousness of Yes Decision % within Ratings0 to 5 3 27.27%6 to 10 8 72.73%Total 11 Table 3.4: Health Consciousness Ratings of Yes Decision Women in Desired Income BracketBuying Behavior Yes Yes PercentageNever 0 0.00%Less than once a month 0 0.00%Once a month 0 0.00%Once every 2-3 weeks 2 28.57%Once a week or more 5 71.43%Total 7 100.00%Table 3.5: Buying Behavior of Yes Decision Women (in Desired Income Bracket and Health Consciousness)Total Households at $50,000 + 25,863,388 Percentage marketed to* 38.89% *This percentage is found by taking those seven people remaining after defining the target market, out of the 18 who were within the income bracketTotal Market Size 10,057,984.22 % of Target Market Sought (25%) 2,514,496.056 Table 3.6: Target Market and Percent SoughtAnnual Purchase Analysis of Target MarketBuying Behavior of Target Market Number Percent Once every 2-3 weeks 2 28.57% Once a week or more 5 71.43% Total 7 Table 4.1: Buying Behavior of Target Market Total Households (within % of Target Market Sought) Estimated Heads Per week Weeks Per Year Heads Purchased Per YearThose who Purchase once every 2-3 weeks 718,427.44 0.33 52.00 12,452,742.37Those who Purchase once a week or more 1,796,068.61 1.00 52.00 93,395,567.78 TOTAL 105,848,310.1Table 4.2: Heads of Lettuce Purchased Per YearTotal Heads Purchased Per Year 105,848,310.1Number of Households w/in % of Target Market Sought 2,514,496.056Total Heads Purchased per year by one Household 42.0952381Table 4.3: Total Heads of Lettuce Purchased Per Year by One Household (in target market)Results show a clear purchaser segment. Of the people surveyed, with household incomes greater than $60,000 a year, 61 percent would purchase lettuce that costs $2.49 (Table 3.2). Focusing further on this group, it was found that eighty-one percent of the willing purchasers were women (Table 3.3). Subjects were asked to rate their health consciousness, on a scale of one to ten, with ten being most health conscious. Answers given by the aforementioned “willing to purchase” women, with incomes over $60,000, were high, with seventy-seven percent rating themselves between 6 and 10 (Table 3.4). Of these, one hundred percent purchase lettuce at least every two to three weeks (Table 3.5). To utilize this information, the percentages found must be applied against the real world. The defined target market includes households whose income is $60,000 or more, with women who are health conscious and purchase lettuce often. The number of total households with incomes over $50,000 was considered, and compared with 38.89% of these expected to fall within the target market. This percentage was found by comparing the target market amount surveyed, which ended up as seven people, compared to the 18 originally in the income bracket. Twenty five percent of these households marketed to are expected to purchase. This produces a final number of 2,514,496 buyers (Table 3.7). Recall that of the target market surveyed, one hundred percent of the segment being analyzed purchased lettuce at least once every two to three weeks. Of these, seventy one percent bought every week (Table 4.1). These percentages were applied to the expected number of buyers to estimate the number of heads sold per year (Table 4.2). With over 700,000 households expected to buy once every three weeks, and 1.7 million households purchasing once a week, the total expected heads of lettuce per year is over 105 million, or 105,848,310 to be exact. This is an average of 42 heads of lettuce per year in each of our 2.5 million target market households expected to purchase (Table 4.3). According to these results, Hollandia has a well-defined market with repeat purchasers. These are the very results required for Live Gourmet Butter Lettuce to grow as a product. The next step is reaching these people through successful advertising.PROMOTION, ADVERTISING, PRINTING, SURFACE DESIGNSeveral promotional strategies will help launch Hollandia’s Butter Lettuce into market. First a press release featuring the newly packaged product will appear in several media. Ads will run in several spots focused at achieving high levels of reach to our target audience. Vegetarian Times, Eating Well, Men’s Health, and Shape are a few printed magazines that will feature full-page color ads during the first year of production. The following years will not be as aggressive in print, will maintain advertising efforts with less frequency, but will still sustain reach.Another promotional execution will occur at several high volume, high traffic grocery establishments. Trials of the lettuce will be available for tasting in hopes to achieve immediate purchase. Store customers will be allowed to do a taste test to compare Hollandia Butter Lettuce to a regular head of lettuce. A point of purchase display will create an eye-catching billboard of advertisement to entice shoppers to stop and sample. The sampling sessions will also generate an interest in the product and aid in brand building, increasing recognition and recall. Other promotional activities include ad inserts in newspapers. These ad inserts will provide advertisement for the lettuce and will include coupons for the first trial of Hollandia Butter Lettuce. The promotion and advertising budget will account for 100% of the first year’s budget. In the following years, it will reduce to 50% in year two, 20% in year three, and 10% in subsequent years. The high percentage in the first year will allow Hollandia to position itself and establish enough market shares to profit and clear inventory.Labeling of the bucket will include a pressure sensitive label on the front surface of the package. This area will have the brand name of Live Gourmet to help create brand recognition. The top surface of the bucket will have another pressure sensitive label. This label will include the name of the product, slogan, manufacturers address, and nutrition facts. Approved graphics will be printed by offset lithography, which will be used because the colors will be much more vibrant. PMS (Pantone Matching System) coloring will be used to create precise label graphics (www.flagdist.com). Refer to Images 3 and 4 for both top and front label graphics.A graphically finished photo of the bucket of lettuce will be featured in the print ads, on the point of purchase displays, and other forms of promotion. It will allow potential consumers to recognize the lettuce when positioned on the shelf. It will be strategically positioned in the organic food section with other produce. On the package, text will inform the consumer on the long shelf life of the lettuce. The unique shape of the package itself will also draw attention and interest from those in the produce section. SPECIFICATIONSSpecifications for each of packaging component have been created. These pieces include the bucket, the lid, and the two labels that comprise the primary package, as well as the corrugated case (secondary package) used for distribution. Please see the drawings and tables below for specifications.Hollandia Butter Lettuce SpecificationBucket 001Spec ID: B-001Component Type: PLA BucketSupplier: Wilkinson IndustriesDimensions Top Diameter: 7.50 inchesBottom Diameter: 7.00 inchesHeight 7.00 inchesThickness: 0.015 inchesWeight: 0.1 poundsColor: Clear/TransparentTolerances: See Drawing Drawing: B-001 Where Used: Live Gourmet Butter LettuceTable 5.1: Bucket Specifications Image 1.1: Cross-Sectional View of BucketImage 1.2: Top View of BucketTable 5.2: Tolerances and Drawing Information for Bucket SpecificationsHollandia Butter Lettuce SpecificationLid 001Spec ID: L-001 鏈接文章 分享到其他網站
我是AB熊 10 發表於 October 22, 2006 檢舉 Share 發表於 October 22, 2006 Component Type: PLA LidSupplier: Wilkinson IndustriesDimensions Outer Diameter: 7.80 inchesTop Diameter: 7.25 inchesHeight .78 inchesThickness: 0.015 inchesWeight: .03 poundsColor: Clear/TransparentTolerances: See DrawingDrawing: L-001 Where Used: Live Gourmet Butter LettuceTable 6.1: Lid Specifications ;-) Image 2.1: Cross-Sectional View of LidImage 2.2: Top View of LidTable 6.2: Tolerances and Drawing Information for Lid SpecificationsImage 3: Label 001 Drawing: La-001Image 4: Label 002 Drawing: La-002Hollandia Butter Lettuce SpecificationLabel 001Spec ID: La-001Component Type: Pressure Sensitive LabelSupplier: Label Technology Inc.Shape: CircleDimensions Diameter: 7.00 inchesThickness: 0.003 inches Location: Top,Center of LidDrawing: Adobe Drawing La-001Labeling Method: FlexographyInk Color 001: PMS-1235Ink Color 002: PMS-369 Ink Color 003: PMS-383Overcoat: Low-gloss LaminationWhere Used: Live Gourmet Butter LettuceTable 7: Label 001 SpecificationsHollandia Butter Lettuce SpecificationLabel 002Spec ID: La-002Component Type: Pressure Sensitive LabelSupplier: Label Technology Inc.Shape: OvalDimensions 11.304in2Height: 2.25 inchesWidth: 5.00 inchesThickness .003 inchesLocation: Center of Bucket SideDrawing: Adobe Drawing La-002Labeling Method: FlexographyInk Color 001: PMS-1235 Ink Color 002: PMS-369Ink Color 003: PMS-383Overcoat: Low-gloss LaminationWhere Used: Live Gourmet Butter LettuceTable 8: Label 002 Specifications Hollandia Butter Lettuce SpecificationCase 001Spec ID: C-001Component Type: RSCSupplier: Georgia PacificDimensions Length (ID): 23.4 inchesWidth (ID): 15.6 inchesHeight (ID) 15 inchesThickness: .16 inchesBlank: 17.3755 square ftMaterial: 200# (42-26-42) C-FluteWeight: 1.9461 poundsWhere Used: Live Gourmet Butter LettuceTable 9: Case SpecificationsPACKAGING EQUIPMENT/LINE LAYOUTThe packaging line for the new design will incorporate some of the machines operating on the current line. However, it will require the purchase of new pieces of packaging machinery. The current conveyor system, tray magazine/denester, labelers, ink jet coder, case erector, and case sealer will be used, while a lid denester and an automatic case packer will need to be purchased.The line layout is shown below: Image 5: Line LayoutFirst, lettuce must be supplied, prepared, and packed into the buckets. The lettuce is supplied to the line on side A in the line layout and prepared by four laborers. These laborers will wrap the roots and position the product on the shelves just as in the current packaging line (see Image 6). These shelves will be continuously moving in a Image 6: Shelves for ready-to-package product (i.e. roots have been wrapped)circular motion from side A to side B. The bucket will be dispensed at the beginning of side B in the line layout, utilizing the current tray magazine and denester for this application. A photo eye can control the supply of these buckets. Two laborers, both on side B, will place the lettuce from the shelves into the bucket. The bucket will then proceed to the lid station. Here, the lids will be placed onto the bucket by a denester, which can be purchased from FEMC (starting at $19,860). This application can also be accomplished through manual labor. To achieve closing the lid, the bucket will proceed forward under a declining metal plow, like the one shown in Image 7. As the bucket is conveyed forward, the space between the plow and the bucket decreases, forcing the lid to engage.Image 7: Plow for closing lid.Next, the bucket will be labeled and coded. Two labels will be applied, one on top and one on the side, using the current labelers. Once labeled, the production code must be applied to the top label. To complete this task, the current ink jet coder will be utilized. The next step is case packing. Cases will be erected with Hollandia’s current case erector. This piece of equipment uses vacum to pull a single knocked down case from the magazine. It then opens the knocked down case and closes the bottom, thus creating a set-up case. The set-up cases are conveyed forward to the case packer, Automatic Case Packer Model 605-200 (see Image 8), which can be purchased from Equipment Express ($79,000). Here, the buckets will be separated into two lanes and packed two high into the cases. This machine uses a programmable logic controller (PLC) to successfully manage the application. Please note that case packing may also be accomplished through manual labor.Image 8: Equipment Express Automatic Case Packer Model #605-200Once packed, the cases will be closed, sealed, and coded. A typical case sealer closes the inner and outer flaps of a case as well as sealing it. Hollandia’s current case taper will be adequate for this application, as will be their current coder for applying a production code to the case. After the cases have been sealed, palletization and stretch wrapping will occur, which will be completed through the utilization of manual labor. The product will then be ready for distribution.EQUIPMENT COSTS/EFFICIENCIES/SPEEDSThe packaging line consists of many individual stations/pieces of machinery operating together to create a consistent flow of finished goods. Some of these are operated by manual labor, some must be purchased, and others are part of the current line. Each station will be operated at certain speeds to create the desired level of output. The following table displays the costs, efficiencies, and speeds related to each machine.Machine/Station Manufacturer Model number/ Description Maximum Speeds Actual Run Speed Estimated Cost Estimated EfficienciesProduct and Components Supply/ Root Wrapping N/A Manual Labor N/A 60 heads per minute $60 per hour (4 laborers) 0.99Bucket Denester Unknown Denester from current line Unknown 60 packages per minute Previous Purchase 0.99Filler N/A Mabual Labor N/A 60 packages per minute $30 per hour (2 laborers) 0.99Lid Denester FEMC Denester 400 packages per minute 60 packages per minute $19,860 0.98Lid Closer N/A Metal Plow Limited by speed of conveyor 60 packages per minute Previous Purchase 0.98Labeler (1) Unknown Labeler from current line Unknown 60 packages per minute Previous Purchase 0.99Labeler (2) Unknown Labeler from current line Unknown 60 packages per minute Previous Purchase 0.99Ink Jet Coder Unknown Ink Jet Coder from current line Unknown 5 cases per minute (60 ppm) Previous Purchase 0.99Case Packer Equipment Express Automatic Case Packer Model #605-200 15 cases per minute 5 cases per minute (60 ppm) $79,000 0.98Case Taper Unknown Taper from current line Unknown 5 cases per minute (60 ppm) Previous Purchase 0.99Case Date Coder Unknown Case Date Coder from current line Unknown 5 cases per minute (60 ppm) Previous Purchase 0.99Palletizer/Stretch Wrapper Unknown Manual Labor N/A 5 cases per minute (60 ppm) $15 per hour (1 laborer) 0.98Table 10: Equipment and Labor Costs, Speeds, and EfficienciesAccording to Hollandia, each piece of equipment must operate at a minimum of 60 packages per minute. It is important to note here that equipment and labor efficiencies will affect the actual output of finished goods. Also, the efficiencies of the individual machines will decide the efficiency of the overall packaging line, which was determined to be 85.11% (see Table 11). 鏈接文章 分享到其他網站
abtvctkto61 10 發表於 October 22, 2006 檢舉 Share 發表於 October 22, 2006 喇賽文退散= =英文雜誌我建議就像看小說一樣就好了一直查字典是很辛苦&沒意義的 鏈接文章 分享到其他網站
街的流浪者 10 發表於 October 26, 2006 檢舉 Share 發表於 October 26, 2006 英文雜誌我建議就像看小說一樣就好了一直查字典是很辛苦&沒意義的嗯嗯!基本上,看過去就好了!把ㄧ些佳句畫下來,看個幾遍不錯!不要太執著於單字,多看自然就背下來了! 鏈接文章 分享到其他網站
阿楷 10 發表於 November 4, 2006 檢舉 Share 發表於 November 4, 2006 個人覺得1.讀雜誌,一定要完完全全去"理解''句子內容2.句子都是老外寫的,非常值得細細品讀3.單字部分,多開就熟了:p 鏈接文章 分享到其他網站
茗兒 10 發表於 November 4, 2006 檢舉 Share 發表於 November 4, 2006 看過去是沒有用的..我覺得看英文雜誌也是學習英文單字&文法的一個好方法..邊看邊查..如果有中文翻譯先大略看過一遍之後去看英文內容然是嘗試自己翻譯..(英文老師教我的,希望有幫助) 鏈接文章 分享到其他網站
pokkk 10 發表於 February 11, 2007 檢舉 Share 發表於 February 11, 2007 請問各位都讀哪一家出版社的雜誌?我比較想訓練聽力單字片語都還可以的不需太難 鏈接文章 分享到其他網站
企鵝呆 10 發表於 February 12, 2007 檢舉 Share 發表於 February 12, 2007 基本上 把它當作是休閒吧先1次把他掃過去,遇到不會可拿鉛筆畫線,之後再查字典之類的不用字字句句讀的太徹底,每天都養成差不多30分鐘的看英文雜誌的休閒活動(聽MP3光碟或電視),不用太斤斤計較,畢竟還有別的事要做. 鏈接文章 分享到其他網站
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